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A common trend among poor performing employees is to suddenly raise allegations of harassment or discrimination by lodging complaints with the HR department - at precisely the time he/she is being held accountable for poor performance or behavior. Nevertheless, it is important to bear in mind that even though an employee's complaint may not have any merit, the complaint must still be investigated. Also, if the employee should suffer adverse treatment after having made a complaint, the ...

Internal Investigations:
Workplace Investigations: What Is Retaliation?3/26/2026

A “retaliation“ claim generally can be defined as illegal conduct or action that harasses, demotes, terminates an employee, or takes other action affecting employment such as threats, unjustified negative evaluations, unjustified negative references, increased surveillance, or any other action such as an assault or unfounded civil or criminal charges that are likely to deter reasonable people from pursuing their rights.

Internal Investigations:
Benefits Of A Paycard Program3/25/2026
Employers can reap benefits by implementing a paycard program. Some of these include:
  • Cost savings of paycards, direct deposit, and plain paper paystubs as opposed to processing paper check stock
  • Combined with a direct deposit program, the payment of wages becomes virtually paperless
  • Can reduce check fraud
  • Can reduce escheat issues
  • Reduces the need of employees to take time from work to cash checks
  • Reduces lost checks
  • Benefit for Human
...

The FMLA requires that an employee returning from FMLA leave be reinstated to the same or equivalent position. “Equivalent“ means equivalent pay, benefits, and terms and conditions of employment. The DOL's regulations clarify that “the employee is ordinarily entitled to return to the same shift or the same or equivalent work schedule“.

Internal Investigations:
Notice Requirements For Terminating COBRA3/22/2026

With regard to terminating COBRA coverage, the employer (or plan administrator) must send a COBRA termination notice to the qualified beneficiary that includes:

...

  • Employees must be reinstated to the same or equivalent job under FMLA
  • Health benefits must be maintained during leave. Ensuring human resources compliance throughout this period is a key duty for an HR Generalist.
  • Employees are still responsible for their share of
...
Internal Investigations:
Documenting The ADA Accommodation Request Process3/21/2026

Employers should keep in mind that they cannot request full medical records or unrelated medical info. That said, employers should keep records of:

  • Request date
  • Documentation received. All health data must be handled according to HIPAA privacy standards.
  • Interactive process discussions
  • Decisions made. This
...

Internal Investigations:
Record Retention Guidelines3/20/2026

Investigative files should be kept separate from the personnel files. Since it is not a personnel file, the investigative records are not included in regular HR related document destruction schedules. These files should also not be made available for employee review. Investigative records may be kept in legal counsel's office or, if that is impracticable, within HR in a separate file cabinet with key access strictly restricted. Generally, not all HR people will have a need to see ...

In situations where the employer believes a criminal act has occurred, engaging the police immediately is critical. In engaging the police, it allows the company to leverage local law enforcement to investigate the case by obtaining a police report. The police report provides the company with an official document that states what the facts of the case are and/or the incident that actually occurred. Additionally, the police report “opens up a case“ for law enforcement and gives ...

Employers must assess accommodation requests individually based on the employee's specific functional limitations, the job requirements, and operational realities. Employers must then provide a reasonable accommodation unless it would cause undue hardship (significant difficulty or expense) or would pose a direct threat that cannot be mitigated.

Internal Investigations:
Types Of 401(k) Plans3/19/2026

There are three types of cash or deferred arrangements: Retirement

  • Salary Deferral Plans
  • Cash or Deferred Plans
  • Roth Deferral Plans

Salary Deferral Plans Salary deferral plans are the most common type of cash or deferred

...

Internal Investigations:
Benefits Of An HR Certification3/18/2026
Obtaining an HR certification through our online program can offer numerous benefits, including:  Workwise: ...
Internal Investigations:
Rules For FMLA Job Restoration3/18/2026

Under the Family and Medical Leave Act FMLA, one of the most critical protections for employees is the right to job restoration after returning from qualifying leave. Below are some details of the rules for FMLA job restoration — including exceptions, timing, and what employers can (and cannot) do. Maintaining human resources compliance ...

Employers can terminate COBRA coverage before the maximum coverage period ends only under specific circumstances defined by federal law. These include: COBRA

  • Failure to pay premiums on a timely
...

Internal Investigations:
Rules For ADA Reasonable Accommodation Requests3/17/2026
A Reasonable Accommodation request is a change or adjustment to a job or work environment that enables a qualified person with a disability to:
  • Perform essential job functions
  • Enjoy equal employment opportunities
  • Participate in the job application process
Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), employers are required to provide reasonable accommodations to ...
Internal Investigations:
The Key Areas Of Worker Classification3/17/2026

The key areas of worker classification focus on determining whether a person providing services to a business is an employee or an independent contractor - and within those categories, how they are further classified for legal, tax, and benefit purposes.

The Six Key Areas of Worker Classification Include:

Defining Employee vs. Independent Contractor

This is the most critical and common classification question, so here are some

...

Internal Investigations:
Essential Functions Under The PWFA3/16/2026

To be a qualified employee under the PWFA, the worker must be able to perform all of the job's essential functions, either now or in the near future. The PWFA regulations defining “essential functions“ adopt the language used in the EEOC's ADA regulations. Thus, essential functions are fundamental ...

Internal Investigations:
About Employee Business Expense Reimbursements3/15/2026

Employers must have a reimbursement or allowance arrangement in place to reimburse employees for eligible expenses incurred on behalf of the company. A reimbursement or allowance arrangement is a system by which an employer substantiates and pays the advances, reimbursements, and charges for its employees' business expenses. How a reimbursement or allowance amount is reported depends on whether the employer has an accountable or a non-accountable plan. Accountable Plan To be ...

Internal Investigations:
What Is A Cafeteria Plan?3/15/2026

Generally speaking, Cafeteria Plans allow employees to pay their share of insurance premiums, certain out-of-pocket medical and dependent care expenses, and certain other benefits with pre-tax dollars versus paying these same expenses with after-tax dollars. Thus, the employee saves federal income taxes and FICA taxes on the total amount paid through a Cafeteria Plan. And, in all states except New Jersey, the employee also saves state ...

Under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), there are strict timelines for when employers, plan administrators, and qualified beneficiaries must provide or receive various notifications related to COBRA continuation coverage. These notices and timelines include:

...

Internal Investigations:
Calculating Vesting Service Under A 401k Plan3/14/2026

To determine a participant's vested account balance, the participant's vesting service must be calculated in one of two ways:

  • The actual hours method, or
  • The elapsed time method

If actual hours of service are counted, the number of hours of service required for a “year of service“ may not be more than 1,000. If the plan uses the elapsed time method, an employee will be credited with a “year of service“ for each period of

...

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), employers have legal obligations when handling reasonable accommodation requests from qualified individuals with disabilities. These requirements are designed to ensure fairness, confidentiality, and compliance while supporting employees' ability to perform their ...

Internal Investigations:
Quick Tips For Tracking And Managing FMLA Leave3/13/2026

Below are some tips regarding tracking and managing FMLA leave:

  • Define how you measure the 12-month period (e.g., calendar year, rolling backward, etc.)
  • Carefully track and document intermittent and reduced schedule leave usage. This is a critical area for human resources compliance.
  • Ensure supervisors
...

Internal Investigations:
Why Get An HR Certification3/12/2026

Why Get An HR Certification? The answer is simple: HR certification programs provide a simple way for HR professionals to increase their knowledge and forward their careers. With an ever-growing list of demands, legal requirements, and technical expertise required of the typical HR manager, there has never been a greater need for Human Resources certification courses to ...

Internal Investigations:
Documenting The Statement Of Complaint3/11/2026

As part of the organizational complaint procedures for a Internal Investigations, it is also a good best practice to develop a Statement of Complaint document.

A good Statement of Complaint document will ask for important information to clarify a complaint and to identify the level of significance. This will help employers identify the true nature - and the seriousness - of the ...

Internal Investigations:
Common Pitfalls In FMLA Administration3/11/2026
Mistakes in complying with FMLA can lead to lawsuits, fines, and audits, so be aware of the most-common FMLA compliance mistakes, which include:
    FMLA Training & Certification Program
...
Internal Investigations:
Eligibility Requirements For FMLA Leave3/7/2026
An employer is required to offer FMLA leaves if:
  • It is a private-sector employer with 50 or more employees in 20 or more workweeks in the current or previous calendar year
  • It is a public agency (regardless of the number of employees)
  • It is a public or private elementary or secondary school (regardless of the number of employees)
...
Investigations in workplaces are triggered by a complaint, allegation, a suspicion of misconduct, or any number of other reasons.  Some of the more common types of Workplace Investigations include:
  • Harassment
  • Discrimination
  • Safety
  • Theft, fraud, or misappropriation of resources
  • Misconduct
  • Regulatory agency inquiry
Harassment ...
Internal Investigations:
What Is A COBRA Qualifying Event?3/6/2026
A COBRA qualifying event is a specific situation that causes an employee, spouse, or dependent child to lose group health insurance coverage and thereby become eligible for continuation coverage under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA). Qualifying Events include:
  • Voluntary or involuntary termination of employment (except for gross misconduct)
...
Internal Investigations:
What Is The PWFA?3/5/2026
The Pregnant Workers Fairness Act (PWFA) requires that employers grant pregnant workers reasonable accommodations - temporary job changes needed to maintain a healthy pregnancy and, in some situations, to help an employee recover from or deal with post-pregnancy related medical conditions - unless doing so would ...
Internal Investigations:
Medical Information And Inquiries Under The ADA3/5/2026
Under the ADA, employers can only require medical information that is job-related and consistent with business necessity.   This is true of prospective employees applying for a position, existing employees who may have an issue relating to their present ability to perform an essential function, or of employees returning from a leave. Handling these returns often requires expertise in ... More
Internal Investigations:
Tips For Tracking FMLA Intermittent Leave3/5/2026
Below are some tips for tracking FMLA Intermittent Leave:
  • Time off must be tracked in the smallest increment of time used by the payroll system (e.g., 15 minutes, 1 hour).
  • Keep detailed records of time used to ensure the total leave taken doesn't exceed the 12-week entitlement (or 26 weeks for military caregiver leave). This is a critical part of FMLA
...
Internal Investigations:
Valid Reasons For FMLA Intermittent Leave3/5/2026
Intermittent leave can be taken for any FMLA-qualifying reason, but some types require employer approval. For instance:
  • Employee's own serious health conditionFMLA Training & Certification Program
  • To care for a
...
Internal Investigations:
The Eligible Reasons For FMLA Leave3/5/2026
The FMLA provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave in a 12-month period for:
  • Birth of a child and bonding. For related prenatal or postpartum needs, employers should also refer to the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act.
  • Placement of a child for adoption or foster care
  • Care for a spouse,
...
Internal Investigations:
What Is A 401(k) Plan?3/5/2026

A 401(k) plan is a qualified retirement plan with a provision that allows plan participants to defer a portion of their salary into the plan on a tax-favored basis or on a designated Roth contribution basis.  ...

Internal Investigations:
Qualification Requirements For A Retirement Plan3/5/2026
To qualify for the special tax treatment offered to qualified Retirement Plans by the Tax Code and IRS, a plan must meet certain qualification requirements, including:
Internal Investigations:
FMLA Notice Types3/5/2026

FMLA Notices Requirements

The FMLA rules require that employers give employees five written notices: a posted notice, a general notice, an eligibility notice, a rights and responsibilities notice, and a designation notice. Posted Notice The posted notice must be posted in a prominent location at all worksites, even if there are no FMLA-eligible employees at that worksite. The poster must be displayed in plain view where all employees and applicants can readily see ...
Internal Investigations:
How To Calculate COBRA Insurance Costs3/5/2026
The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) allows workers and their families who lose their health benefits to continue group health benefits provided by their group health plan for a limited period under certain conditions such as:
  • Voluntary or involuntary job loss
  • Reduction in hours worked
  • Transition between jobs
  • Death in the family, divorce, and other life events
As employers, ...
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) aims to provide equal opportunity to people with disabilities while preventing discrimination against them. It aims to protect people with disabilities from harassment while providing a level playing field for them in the professional world. Employers are required to make sure that people with disabilities:
  • Have equal opportunity to seek for and work in jobs for which they are
...
Internal Investigations:
The Most Difficult Area Of HR Administration3/4/2026

According to ChatGPT, the most difficult area of HR administration often depends on the organization, industry, and HR team's experience — but broadly speaking, the most consistently challenging areas are Compliance and Employee Relations (Especially Investigations & Conflict Management). ChatGPT cites the reasons ...

Internal Investigations:
Who Is Protected Under The ADA?3/4/2026
The ADA protects a qualified individual with a disability, meaning:
  • They have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities,
  • Have a record of such an impairment, or
  • Are regarded as having such an impairment, and they can perform the essential functions of the job with or without reasonable
...
Internal Investigations:
Record Retention For Retirement Plans3/4/2026

A Retirement Plan, by its very nature, requires large amounts of documentation, as well as the need to store and access certain information. 

Thus, a record-retention policy should be established that addresses both paper documents and electronic transactions. Plan documents and amendments should be kept for the life of the plan.  One never knows when the plan sponsor might get sued by a ...

Internal Investigations:
Key Components To FMLA Administration3/4/2026

Administering the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) correctly is essential for compliance and employee satisfaction. 

Whether you're an HR professional or a manager responsible for FMLA, there are several key components you must understand and implement effectively. These include:

  • Understanding

...

Internal Investigations:
Totalization Agreements3/3/2026

If a company has employees who are required to live and work in a country other than the United States, the taxation for social security changes. 

The employee may be covered by what is known as a totalization agreement or a binational social security agreement. The Payroll Department has to understand how these agreements came about, how they work and how to interpret the requirements in order to process the employee's taxation. 

Internal Investigations:
Qualified Domestic Relations Orders3/3/2026

A qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) is a legal document, filed with the court, that instructs the Plan Administrator of a Defined Benefit plan how benefits are to be divided between separating or divorcing parties. 

The person to whom the participant's interest is transferred is called the "alternate payee." Generally, the alternate payee is the participant's divorcing spouse (including ...

Internal Investigations:
Tips For Handling ADA Accommodation Requests3/2/2026
  • Recognize the Accommodation Request Employers should understand that requests can be verbal or written. Regardless, acknowledge any request for help due to a medical condition or disability, even if the employee doesn't mention the ADA or use the term "accommodation".
  • Engage in the Interactive Process Employers must promptly begin a good-faith dialogue with the employee
...
Internal Investigations:
Withholding On Nonresident Aliens3/2/2026

Foreign nationals authorized to work in the United States are classified as either residents or nonresident aliens for U.S. taxation purposes.  

The distinction between these two classifications of workers is very important.  As with U.S. citizens, resident aliens are taxed on their worldwide income.  However, nonresident aliens are taxed only on their U.S. source income. 

Salaries, wages, bonuses, or any other pay for personal services (referred ...

Internal Investigations:
How To Calculate Garnishments3/1/2026

There are two basic steps to determine how much to withhold for child support from an employee's income: calculating disposable income and calculating allowable disposable income. Each is described below.

  • Disposable Income = gross pay - mandatory deductions
    • Garnishment Training
...

Internal Investigations:
Who Is Eligible For FMLA Leave3/1/2026
Certain individuals that are covered under their employer's group health plan are eligible for FMLA leave. To be eligible, the individual must:
  • Work for a covered employer
  • Have worked at least 12 months (not necessarily consecutively)
  • Have worked at least 1,250 hours in the past 12 months
  • Work at a location with 50+ employees within a 75-mile radius
Tip: Reassess eligibility with each new leave request. In addition to FMLA, ensure you are compliant with ...
Internal Investigations:
What Is Retaliatory Conduct2/27/2026
"Retaliatory Conduct" generally can be defined as actions against an employee, such as termination, demotion, or loss of pay.  However, a significant number of courts have found that any action that "materially affects the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment" can be an adverse employment action.  Exactly what constitutes retaliatory conduct within the context of an investigation is still ...
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